Publications From Our Research

-------------------------------------------------------2019------------------------------------------------------------

Egan JE, Bowling DR, Risk DA (2019) Technical Note: Isotopic corrections for the radiocarbon composition of CO2 in the soil gas environment must account for diffusion and diffusive mixing, Biogeosciences, DOI: 10.5194/bg-16-3197-2019 87.

Bares R, Mitchell L, Fasoli B, Bowling DR, Catharine D, Garcia M, Eng B, Ehleringer JR, Lin JC (2019) The Utah urban carbon dioxide (UUCON) and Uintah Basin greenhouse gas networks: Instrumentation, data and measurement uncertainty, Earth System Science Data, DOI: 0.5194/essd-11-1291-2019 86.

Anderegg WRL, Trugman AT, Bowling DR, Salvucci G, Tuttle SE (2019) Plant functional traits and climate influence drought intensification and land-atmosphere feedbacks, Proc. National Academy Sciences, 10.1073/pnas.1904747116 85.

Raczka BM, Porcar-Castell A, Magney T, Lee JE, Kohler P, Frankenberg C, Grossman K, Logan BA, Stutz J, Blanken PD, Burns SP, Duarte H, Yang X, Lin JC, Bowling DR (2019) Sustained non-photochemical quenching shapes the seasonal pattern of solar-induced fluorescence at a high-elevation evergreen forest, JGR-Biogeosciences, DOI:10.1029/2018JG004883 84.

Magney TS, Bowling DR, Logan BA, Grossmann K, Stutz J, Blanken PD, Burns SP, Cheng R, Garcia MA, Kӧhler P, Lopez S, Parazoo N, Raczka B, Schimel D, Frankenberg C (2019) Mechanistic evidence for tracking the seasonality of photosynthesis with solar-induced fluorescence, Proc. National Academy of Sciences, DOI:10.1073/pnas.1900278116 83.

Oerter EJ, Siebert G*, Bowling DR, Bowen G (2019) Soil water vapor isotopes identify missing water source for streamside trees, Ecohydrology, DOI:10.1002/eco.2083 82.

Huth TE, Cerling TE, Marchetti DW, Bowling DR, Ellwein AL, Passey BH (2019) Seasonal bias in soil carbonate formation and its implications for interpreting high-resolution paleoarchives: evidence from southern Utah, Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, 124:616-632, DOI:10.1029/2018JG004496

-------------------------------------------------------2018------------------------------------------------------------

Bowling DR, Logan BA, Hufkens K, Aubrecht DM, Richardson AD, Burns SP, Anderegg WRL, Blanken PD, Eiriksson D (2018) Limitations to winter and spring photosynthesis of a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 252:241-255, DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.01.025 (PDF)

Zuromski L, Bowling DR, Koehler P, Frankenberg C, Goulden M, Blanken PD, Lin JC (2018) Solar-induced fluorescence detects inter-annual variation in gross primary production of coniferous forests in the western United States, Geophysical Research Letters, DOI 10.1029/2018GL077906 (PDF)

Bowen GJ, Putman A, Brooks JR, Bowling DR, Oerter EJ, Good SP (2018) Inferring the source of evaporated waters using stable H and O isotopes, Oecologia 187:1025-1039, DOI 10.1007/s00442-018-4192-5 (PDF)

Fasoli B, Lin JC, Bowling DR, Mitchell L, Mendoza D (2018) Simulating atmospheric tracer concentrations for spatially distributed receptors: updates to the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model's R interface (STILT-R version 2), Geoscientific Model Development, 11, 2813-2824, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2813-2018 (PDF)

Mitchell LE, Crosman ET, Jacques AA, Fasoli B, Leclair-Marzolf L, Horel J, Bowling DR, Ehleringer JR, Lin JC (2018) Monitoring of greenhouse gases and pollutants across an urban area using a light rail public transit platform, Atmospheric Environment 187, 9-23, DOI /10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.044 (PDF)

Mitchell LE, Lin JC, Bowling DR, Pataki DE, Strong C, Schauer AJ, Bares R, Bush SE, Stephens BB, Mendoza D, Mallia D, Holland L, Gurney KR, Ehleringer JR (2018) Long-term urban carbon dioxide observations reveal spatial and temporal dynamics related to urban characteristics and growth. Proc. National Academy of Sciences, DOI 10.1073/pnas.1702393115 (PDF)

-------------------------------------------------------2017------------------------------------------------------------

Bowling DR, Schulze ES, Hall SJ (2017) Revisiting streamside trees that do not use stream water: Can the two water worlds hypothesis and snowpack isotopic effects explain a missing water source?, Ecohydrology, 10:e1771; DOI 10.1002/eco.1771 (PDF)

Duarte HF, Raczka BM, Ricciuto DM, Lin JC, Koven CD, Thornton PE, Bowling DR, Lai C-T, Bible KJ, Ehleringer JR (2017) Evaluating the Community Land Model (CLM 4.5) at a coniferous forest site in northwestern United States using flux and carbon isotope measurements, Biogeosciences, 14, 4315-4340, doi:10.5194/bg-14-4315-2017 (PDF)

Raczka BM, Biraud SC, Ehleringer JR, Lai C-T, Miller JB, Pataki DE, Saleska S, Torn MS, Vaughn BH, Wehr R, Bowling DR (2017) Does vapor pressure deficit drive the seasonality of d13C of the net land-atmosphere CO2 exchange across the United States? Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, DOI: 10.1002/2017JG003795 (PDF)

Chan AM, Bowling DR (2017) Assessing the thermal dissipation sap flux density method for monitoring cold season water transport in seasonally snow-covered forests, Tree Physiology, 37, 984-995, doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpx049 (PDF)

Biederman JA, Scott RL, Bell TW, Bowling DR, and 17 others (2017) CO2 exchange and evapotranspiration across dryland ecosystems of southwestern North America, Global Change Biology, DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13686 (PDF)

Jones AS, Aanderud ZT, Horsburgh JS, Eiriksson DP, Dastrup D, Cox C, Jones SB, Bowling DR, Carlisle J, Carling GT, Baker MA (2017), Designing and implementing a network for sensing water quality and hydrology across mountain to urban transitions, J. American Water Resources Assoc., DOI 10.1111/1752-1688.12557 (PDF)

-------------------------------------------------------2016------------------------------------------------------------

Raczka B, Duarte H, Koven C, Riccuito D, Thornton P, Lin JC, Bowling DR (2016) An observational constraint on stomatal function in forests: evaluating coupled carbon and water vapor exchange with carbon isotopes in the Community Land Model (CLM4.5). Biogeosciences 13:5183–5204 (PDF)

Hall SJ, Ogata E, Weintraub SR, Baker MA, Ehleringer JR, Czimczik CI, Bowling DR (2016) Convergence in nitrogen deposition and cryptic isotopic variation across urban and agricultural valleys in northern Utah, J. Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 121, doi:10.1002/2016JG003354 (PDF)

Hall SJ, Weintraub SR, Bowling DR (2016) Scale-dependent linkages between nitrate isotopes and denitrification in surface soils: implications for isotope measurements and models, Oecologia, DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3626-1 64 (PDF)

Maurer GE, Chan AM, Trahan NA, Moore DJP, Bowling DR (2016) Carbon isotopic composition of forest soil respiration in the decade following bark beetle and stem girdling disturbances in the Rocky Mountains, Plant, Cell, and Environment, DOI: 10.1111/pce.12716 63 (PDF)

Hall SJ, Baker MA, Jones SB, Stark JM, Bowling DR (2016) Contrasting soil nitrogen dynamics across a montane meadow and urban lawn in a semi-arid watershed, Urban Ecosystems, DOI 10.1007/s11252-016-0538-0 62 (PDF)

Hall SJ, Weintraub SR, Eiriksson D, Brooks PD, Baker MA, Bowen GJ, Bowling DR (2016) Stream nitrogen inputs reflect groundwater across a snowmelt-dominated montane to urban watershed, Environmental Science and Technology, 50:1137-1146, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04805 (PDF)

-------------------------------------------------------2015-------------------------------------------------------------

Moyes AB, Bowling DR (2015) Plant community composition and phenological stage drive soil carbon cycling along a tree-meadow ecotone, Plant and Soil, DOI 10.1007/s11104-015-2750-8 (PDF)

Hall SJ, Hale RL, Baker MA, Bowling DR, Ehleringer JR (2015) Riparian plant isotopes reflect anthropogenic nitrogen perturbations: Robust patterns across land use gradients, Ecosphere, 6:art200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00319.1 59 (PDF)

Maurer GE, Bowling DR (2015) Dust effects on snowpack melt and related ecosystem processes are secondary to those of forest canopy structure and interannual snowpack variability, Ecohydrology, 8:1005-1023, doi: 10.1002/eco.1558 58 (PDF)

Bowling DR, Egan JE, Hall SJ, Risk DA (2015) Environmental forcing does not induce diel or synoptic variation in carbon isotope content of forest soil respiration, Biogeosciences, 12:5143–5160, doi:10.5194/bg-12-5143-2015 (PDF)

-------------------------------------------------------2014------------------------------------------------------------

Miller OL, Solomon DK, Fernandez DP, Cerling TE, Bowling DR (2014) Evaluating the use of strontium isotopes in tree rings to record the isotopic signal of dust deposited on the Wasatch Mountains, Applied Geochemistry 50:53-65 (PDF)

Hall SJ, Maurer GE, Hoch SW, Taylor R, Bowling DR (2014), Impacts of anthropogenic emissions and cold air pools on urban to montane gradients of snowpack ion concentrations in the Wasatch Mountains, Utah, Atmospheric Environment, 98:231-241. (PDF)

Maurer GE, Bowling DR (2014) Seasonal snowpack characteristics influence soil temperature and water content at multiple scales in interior western U.S. mountain ecosystems, Water Resources Research, doi: 10.1002/2013WR014452 (PDF)

Bowling DR, Ballantyne AP, Miller JB, Burns SP, Menzer O, Conway TJ, Stephens BB, Vaughn BH (2014) Ecological processes dominate the 13C land disequilibrium in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28:352-370, doi:10.1002/2013GB004686 (PDF)

-------------------------------------------------------2013-------------------------------------------------------------

Moyes AB, Bowling DR (2013) Interannual variation in seasonal drivers of soil respiration in a semi-arid Rocky Mountain meadow, Biogeochemistry, 113:683-697, DOI 10.1007/s10533-012-9797-x (PDF)

-------------------------------------------------------2012-------------------------------------------------------------

Brooks, B-G J, Desai AR, Stephens BB, Bowling DR, Burns SP, Watt AS, Heck SL, Sweeney C (2012), Assessing filtering of mountaintop CO2 mole fractions for application to inverse models of biosphere-atmosphere carbon exchange, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12:2099-2115. (PDF)

-------------------------------------------------------2011-------------------------------------------------------------

Blonquist Jr JM, Montzka SA, Munger JW, Yakir D, Desai AR, Dragoni D, Griffis TJ, Monson RK, Scott RL, Bowling DR (2011) The potential of carbonyl sulfide as a proxy for gross primary production at flux tower sites, Journal of Geophysical Research – Biogeosciences, 116, G04019, doi:10.1029/2011JG001723 (PDF)

Bowling DR, Massman WJ (2011) Persistent wind-induced enhancement of diffusive CO2 transport in a mountain forest snowpack, Journal of Geophysical Research – Biogeosciences, 116, G04006, doi:10.1029/2011JG001722 (PDF)

Bowling DR, Grote EE, Belnap J (2011) Rain pulse response of soil CO2 exchange by biological soil crusts and grasslands of the semiarid Colorado Plateau, United States, Journal of Geophysical Research – Biogeosciences, 116, G03028, doi:10.1029/2011JG001643 (PDF)

Strong C, Stwertka C, Bowling DR, Stephens BB, Ehleringer JR (2011) Urban carbon dioxide cycles within the Salt Lake Valley: a multiple box model validated by observations, Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 116, D15307, doi:10.1029/2011JD015693 (PDF)

Gamnitzer U, Moyes AB, Bowling DR, Schnyder H (2011) Measuring and modeling the isotopic composition of soil respiration: insights from a grassland tracer experiment, Biogeosciences 8, 1333–1350, www.biogeosciences.net/8/1333/2011/ (online)

Riveros-Iregui DA, Hu J, Burns SP, Bowling DR, Monson RK (2011) An inter-annual assessment of the relationship between the stable carbon isotopic composition of ecosystem respiration and climate in a high elevation subalpine forest, Journal of Geophysical Research – Biogeosciences 116, G02005, doi:10.1029/2010JG001556 (PDF)

Wilcox BP, Turnbull L, Young MH, Williams CJ, Ravi S, Seyfried MS, Bowling DR, Scott RL, Germino MJ, Caldwell TG, Wainwright J (2011) Invasion of shrublands by exotic grasses: ecohydrological consequences in cold versus warm deserts, Ecohydrology DOI: 10.1002/eco.247

-------------------------------------------------------2010-------------------------------------------------------------

Bowling DR, Bethers-Marchetti S, Lunch CK, Grote EE, Belnap J (2010) Carbon, water, and energy fluxes in a semi-arid cold desert grassland during and following multi-year drought, Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, G04026, doi:10.1029/2010JG001322 (PDF)

Moyes AB, Gaines S, Siegwolf RTW, Bowling DR (2010) Diffusive fractionation complicates isotopic partitioning of autotrophic and heterotrophic sources of soil respiration, Plant, Call, and Environment, 33:1804-1819. (PDF)

Moyes AB, Schauer AJ, Siegwolf RTW, Bowling DR (2010) An injection method for measuring the carbon isotope content of soil carbon dioxide and soil respiration with a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 24: 894-900. (PDF)

------------------------------------------------------2009-------------------------------------------------------------

Bowling DR, Miller JB, Rhodes ME*, Burns SP, Monson RK, Baer D (2009) Soil and plant contributions to the methane flux balance of a subalpine forest under high ultraviolet irradiance, Biogeosciences, 6:1311?1324, www.biogeosciences.net/6/1311/2009/(PDF)

Bowling DR, Massman WJ, Schaeffer SM, Burns SP, Monson RK, Williams MW (2009) Biological and physical influences on the carbon isotope content of CO2 in a subalpine forest snowpack, Niwot Ridge, Colorado, Biogeochemistry, 95:37-59, doi 10.1007/s10533-008-9233-4.(PDF)

------------------------------------------------------2008-------------------------------------------------------------

Schwinning S, Belnap J, Bowling DR, Ehleringer JR (2008) Sensitivity of the Colorado Plateau to change: climate, ecosystems, and society. Ecology and Society 13(2): 28. (online)

Schaeffer SM, Miller JB, Vaughn BH, White JWC, Bowling DR (2008) Long-term field performance of a tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer for analysis of carbon isotopes of CO2 in forest air, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8:5263?5277.(PDF)

Zobitz JM, Burns SP, Reichstein M, Bowling DR (2008) Partitioning net ecosystem carbon exchange and the carbon isotopic disequilibrium in a subalpine forest, Global Change Biology, 14:1785-1800, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01609.x(PDF)

Schaeffer SM, Anderson DE, Burns SP, Monson RK, Sun J, Bowling DR (2008) Canopy structure and atmospheric flows in relation to the d13C of respired CO2 in a subalpine coniferous forest, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 148:592-605(PDF)

Bowling DR, Pataki DE, Randerson J (2008) Carbon isotopes in terrestrial ecosystem pools and CO2 fluxes (Tansley Review), New Phytologist, 178:24-40, doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02342.x.(PDF)

Zobitz JM, Moore DJP, Sacks WJ, Monson RK, Bowling DR, Schimel DS (2008) Integration of process-based soil respiration models with whole-ecosystem CO2 measurements, Ecosystems, doi:10.1007/s10021-007-9120-1(PDF)

------------------------------------------------------2007-------------------------------------------------------------

Zobitz JM, Burns SP, Ogee J, Reichstein M, Bowling DR (2007) Partitioning net ecosystem exchange of CO2: comparison of a Bayesian/isotope approach to environmental regression methods, Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, G03013, doi:10.1029/2006JG000282.(PDF)

Fuentes JD, Wang D, Bowling D, Potosnak M, Monson RK, Delany AC, Stockwell WR, Goliff WS (2007) Biogenic hydrocarbon chemistry within and above a mixed deciduous forest, Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, DOI 10.1007/s10874-006-9048-4. (PDF)

------------------------------------------------------2006-------------------------------------------------------------

Zobitz JM, Keener JP, Schnyder H, Bowling DR (2006) Sensitivity analysis and quantification of uncertainty for isotopic mixing relationships in carbon cycle research, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 136:56-75.(PDF)

Wahl EH, and 12 others (2006) Applications of cavity ring-down spectroscopy to high precision isotope ratio measurement of 13C/12C in carbon dioxide, Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 42:21-35, doi:10.1080/10256010500502934.(PDF)

Pataki DE, Bowling DR, Ehleringer JR, Zobitz JM (2006) High resolution atmospheric monitoring of urban carbon dioxide sources, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L03813, doi:10.1029/2005GL024822.(PDF)

------------------------------------------------------2005-------------------------------------------------------------

Bowling DR, Burns SP, Conway T, Monson R, White JWC (2005) Extensive observations of CO2 carbon isotope content in and above a high-elevation subalpine forest, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB3023, doi:10.1029/2004GB002394. (PDF)

Roden JS, Bowling DR, McDowell NG, Bond B, Ehleringer JR (2005) Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of tree ring cellulose along a precipitation transect in Oregon, USA, Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, G02003, doi:10.1029/2005JG000033. (PDF)

Baldocchi DD, and Bowling DR (2005) Theoretical examination of Keeling-plot relationships for carbon dioxide in a temperate broadleaved forest with a biophysical model, CANISOTOPE, in, Flanagan LB, Ehleringer JR, Pataki DE, Eds. Stable Isotopes and Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions: Processes and Biological Controls, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 109-124.

------------------------------------------------------2004-------------------------------------------------------------

McDowell NG, Bowling DR, Schauer A, Irvine J, Bond BJ, Law BE, Ehleringer JR (2004) Associations between carbon isotope ratios of ecosystem respiration, water availability and canopy conductance, Global Change Biology, 10, 1767?1784, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00837.x (PDF)

McDowell NG, Bowling DR, Bond BJ, Irvine J, Law BE, Anthoni P, Ehleringer JR (2004) Response of the carbon isotopic content of ecosystem, leaf and soil respiration to meteorological and physiological driving factors in a Pinus ponderosa ecosystem, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18, GB1013, doi:10.1029/2003GB002049.(PDF)

------------------------------------------------------2003-------------------------------------------------------------

Bowling DR, McDowell NG, Welker JM, Bond BJ, Law BE, Ehleringer JR (2003) Oxygen isotope content of CO2 in nocturnal ecosystem respiration: 2. Short-term dynamics of foliar and soil component fluxes in an old-growth ponderosa pine forest. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 17(4), 1124, doi:10.1029/2003GB002082 .(PDF)

Bowling DR, McDowell NG, Welker JM, Bond BJ, Law BE, Ehleringer JR (2003) Oxygen isotope content of CO2 in nocturnal ecosystem respiration: 1. Observations in forests along a precipitation transect in Oregon, USA. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 17(2), 1120, doi: 10.10291/2003GB002081(PDF)

Pataki, DE, Bowling DR, Ehleringer JR (2003) Seasonal cycle of carbon dioxide and its isotopic composition in an urban atmosphere: Anthropogenic and biogenic effects. Journal of Geophysical Research. 108(D23), 4735, doi:10.1029/2003JD003865(PDF)

Bowling DR, Sargent SD, Tanner BD, and Ehleringer JR (2003) Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for stable isotope studies of ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 118, 1-19(PDF)

Schauer AJ, Lai C-T, Bowling DR, Ehleringer JR (2003) An automated sampler for collection of atmospheric trace gas samples for stable isotope analyses, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 118, 113-124.(PDF)

Bowling DR, Pataki DE, and Ehleringer JR (2003), Critical evaluation of micrometeorological methods for measuring ecosystem-atmosphere isotopic exchange of CO2, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 116, 159-179. (PDF)

Pataki DE, Ehleringer JR, Flanagan LB, Yakir D, Bowling DR, Still CJ, Buchmann N, Kaplan JO, and Berry J (2003) The application and interpretation of Keeling plots in terrestrial carbon cycle research, Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 17(1), 1022, doi:10.1029/2001GB001850(PDF)

Baldocchi DD, and Bowling DR (2003) Modelling the discrimination of 13CO2 above and within a temperate broad-leaved forest canopy on hourly to seasonal time scales, Plant, Cell, and Environment, 26:231-244.(PDF)

------------------------------------------------------2002-------------------------------------------------------------

Ehleringer JR, Bowling DR, Flanagan LB, Fessenden J, Helliker B, Martinelli LA, Ometto JP (2002) Stable isotopes and carbon cycle processes in forests and grasslands, Plant Biology, 4:181-189(PDF)

Bowling D, McDowell N, Bond B, Law B, and Ehleringer J (2002) 13C content of ecosystem respiration is linked to precipitation and vapor pressure deficit, Oecologia, 131:113-124.(PDF)

-------------------------------------------------------2001-------------------------------------------------------------

Bowling DR, Cook CS, and Ehleringer JR (2001) Technique to measure CO2 mixing ratio in small flasks with a bellows/IRGA system, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 109, 61-65. (PDF)

Bowling DR, Tans PP, and Monson RK (2001) Partitioning net ecosystem carbon exchange with isotopic fluxes of CO2, Global Change Biology, 7:127-145. (PDF)

-------------------------------------------------last century--------------------------------------------------------

Bowling DR, Baldocchi DD, and Monson RK (1999) Dynamics of isotopic exchange of carbon dioxide in a Tennessee deciduous forest, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 13:903-922. (PDF)

Bowling DR, Delany AC, Turnipseed AA, Baldocchi DD, and Monson RK (1999) Modification of the relaxed eddy accumulation technique to maximize measured scalar mixing ratio differences in updrafts and downdrafts, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104:9121-9133.(PDF)

Baldocchi D, Fuentes J, Bowling D, Turnipseed A, and Monson R (1999) Scaling isoprene fluxes from leaves to canopies: test cases over a boreal aspen and a mixed species temperate forest, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 38:885-898.

Katul G, Hsieh C-I, Bowling D, Clark K, Shurpali N, Turnipseed A, Albertson J, Tu K, Hollinger D, Evans B, Offerle B, Anderson D, Ellsworth D, Vogel C, and Oren R (1999) Spatial variability of turbulent fluxes in the roughness sub?layer of an even-aged pine forest, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 93:1-28.

Singsaas E, Laporte M, Shi J, Monson R, Bowling D, Johnson K, Lerdau M, Jasentuliytana A, and Sharkey T. (1999) Kinetics of leaf temperature fluctuation affects isoprene emission from red oak (Quercus rubra L.) leaves, Tree Phys?iology, 19:917-924.

Bowling DR, Turnipseed AA, Delany AC, Baldocchi DD, Greenberg JP, and Monson RK (1998) The use of relaxed eddy accumulation to measure biosphere- atmosphere exchange of isoprene and other trace gases, Oecologia, 116:306- 315. (PDF)

Demmig-Adams B, Adams III WW, Barker DH, Logan BA, Bowling DR, and Verhoeven AS (1996) Using chlorophyll fluorescence to assess the fraction of absorbed light allocated to thermal dissipation of excess excitation, Physiologia Plantarum 98:253-264.